“A Minute against Slavery, Addressed to Germantown Monthly Meeting”

Further Reading

Articles

• Aptheker, Herbert. “The Quakers and Negro Slavery.” Journal of Negro History 25, no. 3 (July 1940): 331–362.
• Binder-Johnson, Hildegard. “The Germantown Protest of 1688 against Negro Slavery.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 65, no. 2 (April 1941): 145–156.
• Cadbury, Henry J. “An Early Quaker Anti-Slavery Statement.” Journal of Negro History 22, no. 4 (October 1937): 488–493.
• Eichhoff, Jürgen. “The Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Germantown Protest against Slavery.” Monatshefte 80, no. 3 (Fall 1988): 265–267.
• Pennypacker, Samuel W. “The Settlement of Germantown, and the Causes Which Led to It.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 4, no. 1 (1880): 1–41.

Books

• Jordan, Winthrop D. White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812. New York: W. W. Norton, 1977.
• Shuffelton, Frank, ed. A Mixed Race: Ethnicity in Early America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
• Tolles, Frederick. Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia, 1682–1763. New York: W. W. Norton, 1948.
• Wolf, Stephanie Grauman. Urban Village: Population, Community, and Family Structure in Germantown, Pennsylvania, 1683–1800. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976.

Web Sites

• “1688 Protest against Slavery, by German Mennonites and Quakers in Germantown, Pennyslvania.” Quaker Information Center Web site. www.quakerinfo.org/slavery.html.
• “Excerpts from Frame of Government of Pennsylvania, by William Penn, 1682.” Constitution Society Web site. www.constitution.org/bcp/frampenn.htm.
• “Francis Daniel Pastorius: Leader of Germantown Settlement.” ushistory.org “Historic Germantown” Web site. http://www.ushistory.org/Germantown/pastorius.htm.