Treaty of Nanjing

Further Reading

Articles

• Downs, Jacques M. “American Merchants and the China Opium Trade, 1800–1840.” Business History Review 42 (Winter 1968): 418–442.
• Wang, Dong. “The Discourse of Unequal Treaties in Modern China.” Pacific Affairs 76, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 399–425.
• Zheng, Yangwen. “The Social Life of Opium in China, 1483–1999.” Modern Asian Studies 37, no. 1 (February 2003): 1–39.

Books

• Fairbank, John King. Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854. 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953.
• Fairbank, John King, and Merle Goldman. China: A New History, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006.
• Spence, Jonathan. The Search for Modern China, 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.
• Waley-Cohen, Joanna. The Sextants of Beijing: Global Currents in Chinese History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.

Web Sites

• “The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment.” Columbia University Web site. http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/modern/opium.htm.